C190 Introduction to Biology Practice Questions - Set 1 - Part 1

Correct Answer: A rock affecting soil quality

Abiotic factors refer to non-living components of an ecosystem, such as rocks, water, or temperature. Biotic factors include living organisms like plants, animals, and fungi.

Correct Answer: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information, while carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins serve other functions like energy storage, insulation, and catalyzing reactions.

Correct Answer: Fermentation

Fermentation occurs without the presence of oxygen, making it anaerobic. Glycolysis can occur without oxygen, but it is followed by aerobic processes like the Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration.

Correct Answer: Covalent bond

A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, and hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between molecules. Metallic bonds occur in metal atoms.

Correct Answer: Proteins

Proteins serve as enzymes, which catalyze biochemical reactions in cells. Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids store energy, and nucleic acids store genetic information.

Correct Answer: Build proteins

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in cells. The other options relate to different organelles, such as the nucleus (storing genetic information) and mitochondria (providing energy).

Correct Answer: Phenotype

Phenotype refers to the physical and observable traits of an organism. Genotype is the genetic makeup that influences these traits. Alleles are versions of a gene, and genomic profile refers to the entire genetic information of an organism.

Correct Answer: Produce ATP (energy)

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, as they are the site of ATP production through cellular respiration.

Correct Answer: Carbon

Carbon is the fundamental element in all organic molecules, forming the backbone of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Correct Answer: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell

During metaphase, chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate in preparation for separation. Chromosome condensation occurs in prophase, and separation happens in anaphase.

Correct Answer: Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy for photosynthesis. The nucleus controls cellular functions, mitochondria generate energy, and the ER is involved in protein and lipid production.

Correct Answer: Ionic bond

Ionic bonds occur when one atom donates electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing, and hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

Correct Answer: Fermentation

Fermentation is an anaerobic process, meaning it occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while glycolysis is the first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Correct Answer: Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage in which sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell. Prophase is the initial stage, metaphase involves chromosome alignment, and telophase is when the nuclear membrane reforms.

Correct Answer: Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, while diffusion refers to the movement of solutes. Active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient.

Correct Answer: Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and generates ATP through processes like the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the Calvin cycle are part of other metabolic pathways.

Correct Answer: G1 phase

The G1 phase is the first stage of interphase, during which the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. S phase is when DNA is replicated, G2 is preparation for mitosis, and mitosis is cell division.

Correct Answer: Endocytosis

Endocytosis is the process of taking in material by engulfing it, while exocytosis refers to expelling material. Osmosis is the movement of water, and passive transport involves moving substances without energy.

Correct Answer: ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency in cells, providing energy for cellular processes. NADPH and FADH2 are electron carriers, and glucose is a sugar used in energy production.

Correct Answer: Modifying and packaging proteins

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport. Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes, and energy is generated in mitochondria.