C190 Introduction to Biology Practice Questions - Set 4 - Part 1

Correct Answer: C) Providing structural support and protection

The cell wall, made of cellulose, provides structural support and protection to plant cells. It is absent in animal cells, which rely on their cytoskeleton for support.

Correct Answer: D) Active transport

Active transport requires energy, typically in the form of ATP, to move molecules against their concentration gradient, while osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion do not require energy.

Correct Answer: C) Chloroplast

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy during photosynthesis. This process produces glucose and oxygen.

Correct Answer: B) ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells. It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, which is released during cellular processes.

Correct Answer: D) Osmosis

Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Correct Answer: B) Metaphase

During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell in preparation for separation during anaphase.

Correct Answer: C) Nucleic acid

DNA is a nucleic acid that stores genetic information. It is composed of nucleotides, which contain a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Correct Answer: B) Ribosome

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells, where they translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences to build proteins.

Correct Answer: B) An organism that can produce its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Autotrophs, such as plants and some bacteria, can produce their own food using light energy (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). Heterotrophs rely on consuming other organisms for energy.

Correct Answer: B) It captures light energy

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy, which is then used to drive the reactions of photosynthesis. It is primarily responsible for capturing light in the chloroplasts.

Correct Answer: C) They lack a nucleus

Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid region, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus.

Correct Answer: C) Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Correct Answer: B) mRNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome, where it directs the synthesis of proteins.

Correct Answer: A) Anaphase I

In Anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell, reducing the chromosome number by half.

Correct Answer: B) Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, such as glucose, provide quick energy for cells through cellular respiration. Lipids store energy long-term, and proteins and nucleic acids have other roles.

Correct Answer: C) tRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, where they are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain.

Correct Answer: B) Phenotype

Phenotype refers to the observable physical traits of an organism, such as eye color or height, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Correct Answer: C) Meiosis

Meiosis is the type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes) from a diploid parent cell.

Correct Answer: B) It produces ATP from ADP and phosphate

ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the energy from the flow of protons across a membrane to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP during the electron transport chain.

Correct Answer: C) Synthesizing proteins

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.