C273 Introduction to Sociology Practice Questions - Set 1 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Karl Marx

Karl Marx developed conflict theory, which posits that society is structured around the competition for limited resources, leading to conflicts between social classes. Comte, Durkheim, and Weber focused on different aspects.

Correct Answer: Secondary Analysis

Secondary analysis involves using data collected by other researchers. This method is different from surveys, observations, or case studies that require new data collection.

Correct Answer: Power, Property, Prestige

Weber theorized that social class is based on power, property, and prestige. Other factors like race and occupation may influence social experience but aren’t primary determinants in Weber’s theory.

Correct Answer: Functional Analysis

Functional analysis, also called functionalism, sees society as composed of interrelated parts that contribute to overall stability. Symbolic interactionism focuses on meanings in face-to-face interactions, while conflict theory emphasizes power struggles.

Correct Answer: Selecting a topic

The first step in the research model is choosing a topic of interest. Defining the problem and reviewing literature follow as preliminary steps toward formulating a hypothesis.

Correct Answer: Shared consciousness among members of pre-industrial societies

Mechanical solidarity describes the unity of people in pre-industrial societies who perform similar tasks and share common values, in contrast to the interdependence seen in modern societies (organic solidarity).

Correct Answer: Culture Shock

Culture shock is the feeling of confusion or anxiety when exposed to a new culture. Ethnocentrism is using one’s own culture as a standard, and alienation describes a feeling of separation from one’s environment.

Correct Answer: Unobtrusive Measures

Unobtrusive measures allow researchers to observe people’s behavior without their knowledge, reducing influence on results. Surveys and case studies require participant awareness.

Correct Answer: A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

A random sample ensures that each individual in a population has an equal chance of being included, enhancing representativeness. Stratified random sampling involves specific subgroup representation.

Correct Answer: Emile Durkheim

Durkheim studied social integration and its effect on suicide rates, linking low integration with higher suicide likelihood. Weber, Spencer, and Comte focused on other areas.

Correct Answer: Counterculture

Countercultures adopt values that directly oppose the dominant culture. Subcultures exist within society but do not oppose its norms directly.

Correct Answer: Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is judging another culture by one’s own cultural standards, which can lead to biased assessments. Cultural relativism encourages understanding without judgment.

Correct Answer: Dyad

A dyad is a group of two and is considered the smallest and most fragile social group. Triads contain three members, while primary and small groups may have more members.

Correct Answer: Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism studies how meanings, symbols, and expectations influence behavior, such as how teacher expectations can shape student outcomes.

Correct Answer: Norms, values, and expectations of people in general within a society

The generalized other represents societal expectations internalized by individuals. It contrasts with personal identity or specific role models.

Correct Answer: Protestant Ethic

Weber’s Protestant Ethic links certain religious values to the development of capitalism, particularly those encouraging hard work and savings.

Correct Answer: Organic Solidarity

Organic solidarity refers to interdependence in societies with specialized roles, unlike mechanical solidarity, which arises from shared tasks in traditional societies.

Correct Answer: Survey

Surveys involve asking a set of questions to gather data from a sample, while case studies, experiments, and participant observations involve different forms of data collection.

Correct Answer: Functionalism

Functionalism sees society as a stable, interconnected system where each part serves a role in maintaining equilibrium, unlike conflict theory, which focuses on social power struggles.

Correct Answer: Clique

A clique is a subset within a group with strong connections among members. Aggregates consist of individuals who happen to be together but don’t necessarily interact regularly.