D202 Human Growth and Development - Set 2 - Part 2

Correct Answer: Pleasant situations and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation

Infants typically show attraction to pleasant situations and withdraw from unpleasant or uncomfortable stimuli.

Correct Answer: Between 15 and 24 months

Infants typically begin to recognize themselves in mirrors or photos between the ages of 15 and 24 months.

Correct Answer: Close bond between caregiver and infant, foundation for future relationships

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver, forming the basis for future social and emotional development.

Correct Answer: She satisfies their oral needs and provides pleasure

Freud theorized that infants become attached to their mother because she satisfies their oral needs, providing both nourishment and comfort.

Correct Answer: Importance of an infant developing a basic sense of trust in caregivers

Eriksons theory emphasizes the significance of developing trust in caregivers during infancy, which forms the foundation for later social and emotional development.

Correct Answer: 15 to 16 hours

Two-year-olds typically require between 15 to 16 hours of sleep per day to support their rapid growth and development.

Correct Answer: 7 to 8 hours

Six-year-olds usually need around 7 to 8 hours of sleep to maintain good physical and cognitive functioning.

Correct Answer: It expands considerably, learning 10 to 20 new words per week

Between the ages of two and six, children experience a significant vocabulary expansion, often learning 10 to 20 new words each week.

Correct Answer: Conformity to family and cultural values

Collectivistic cultures prioritize conformity, emphasizing the importance of family, community, and cultural values over individual goals.

Correct Answer: Think for themselves

Individualistic cultures encourage children to be independent, develop their own opinions, and think for themselves.

Correct Answer: A misunderstood and puzzling neurodevelopmental disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Correct Answer: Initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development, initiative vs. guilt, occurs in early childhood, where children begin asserting control and taking initiative in their activities.

Correct Answer: Skills that result in changes in self-concept and self-esteem

Cognitive skills include mental abilities that lead to changes in self-concept, self-esteem, and overall understanding of the world.

Correct Answer: The sense of self as male or female

Gender identity is a persons internal sense of being male, female, or sometimes outside these binary categories.

Correct Answer: Behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment

Social learning theory posits that behavior is acquired by observing others, imitating their actions, and experiencing the consequences of those behaviors.

Correct Answer: A theory that emphasizes reinforcement, punishment, and imitation, while adding cognitive processes

Cognitive social learning theory includes not only behavioral components like reinforcement and imitation but also cognitive processes that influence how behaviors are learned and executed.

Correct Answer: A theory that children develop their own conceptions of attributes associated with maleness or femaleness

Gender schema theory suggests that children actively construct their own understanding of gender roles by organizing information and experiences related to gender.

Correct Answer: A theory that gender stereotypes are strong due to cultural emphasis on gender

Developmental intergroup theory suggests that cultural emphasis on gender reinforces strong stereotypes, influencing children's beliefs about gender roles and behaviors.

Correct Answer: Gender identification that differs from the sex assigned at birth

A transgender individual has a gender identity or expression that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

Correct Answer: Anxiety caused by a mismatch between biological sex and gender identity

Gender dysphoria refers to the distress experienced when a persons gender identity does not align with their biological sex.